The American People May Soon Find Themselves the ‘Enemy’
by John Allen,
president of the Brookings Institution, a retired U.S. Marine Corps
four-star general, and former commander of the NATO International
Security Assistance Force and U.S. Forces in Afghanistan
"Every member of the U.S. military—be they active duty, National Guard,
or reserve—swears an oath to “support and defend the Constitution of the
United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic.” That
is their solemn vow and at the heart of their service to America.
History has shown that there are indeed periods when domestic threats or
unrest reach such a level that they require the direct involvement of
federal troops to keep the peace. Now, however, is not one of those
moments.
If the military begins to hold primary responsibility for law
enforcement in the United States, I fear the American people may
soon—against their own wishes—take on the mantle of the “enemy.” That is
simply unacceptable, especially at this horrendous moment of national
pain stemming both from the killing of George Floyd and others and from
the pressures of COVID-19. And it is well beneath what is needed from
America’s national leadership. Deploying the military against U.S.
citizens sends the wrong message at the wrong moment and is antithetical
to everything Americans represent as a people. The stakes are high, and
we must be better than this.
The Call for Force Must Come From the Governors
by Loree Sutton, a
former brigadier general and highest-ranking psychiatrist in the U.S.
Army who is currently running for mayor of New York City.
Throughout nearly 40 years in public service—as a U.S. Army
psychiatrist, retired general officer, and New York City commissioner—I
have grown to revere the trust, judgment, and legitimacy on which the
character and habits of principled leadership depend. Those entrusted to
lead America’s treasure—its daughters and sons—know the moral
implications and personal agony involved in ordering troops into harm’s
way.
The use of force must be approached with due caution and restraint,
even when it is necessary, reasonable, and proportional. When force at
any level—local, state, or federal—is perceived or deemed otherwise, the
fabric of civic society begins to unravel.
The question we should be asking therefore has less to do with
whether federal forces should ever be deployed to quell domestic unrest
but whether, at a given moment, the facts on the ground require
additional reinforcement. This judgment must come from the country’s
governors, exercising their legal authority to do so. Unless and until
this is the case, federal troops should remain at their posts, in their
camps, and at their stations.
Let Law Enforcement and the National Guard Handle This
by Dana Pittard, a retired U.S. Army major general and the co-author of Hunting the Caliphate: America’s War on ISIS and the Dawn of the Strike Cell.
It really is something when two former chairmen of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff—Gen. Martin Dempsey and Adm. Mike Mullen, both of whom I’ve
worked with—feel a need to speak out against using the military on
American soil during a domestic crisis. We’re
at a tough time in our country right now, between the pandemic, the
unprecedented unemployment, as well as this bubbling up of something
that’s been under the surface for quite a while.
There are occasions when we have used the military in domestic crises
in consultation with state governors. I don’t believe we’re at that
point yet. At this point it is something that law enforcement can
handle—and the National Guard, by the way, is trained for civil unrest.
Packed in Vile Rhetoric by an Odious Leader—but Not Without Precedent
by Richard K. Betts,
the director of Columbia University’s Saltzman Institute of War and
Peace Studies, an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign
Relations, and the author of American Force
.
How ironic: Originally it was racists and rightists who most
vehemently opposed deploying federal troops to suppress local disorder;
now it is anti-racists and liberals who condemn President Donald Trump’s
attempt to do so. Some even assert that it would be illegal.
It was white southerners and the Democratic Party that pushed through
the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 that forbids the use of federal troops
to enforce law in the states. This cemented the end of Reconstruction in
the former Confederacy and enabled the resubjugation of African
Americans. Legal ambiguity remained, however: The 1807 Insurrection Act
authorizes the use of federal forces and has been invoked numerous
times, often to protect vulnerable black citizens.
In 1863, draft riots in New York City killed more than 100 African
Americans before they were put down by U.S. Army soldiers and Marines
together with state militia.
In 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower
deployed elements of the 101st Airborne Division and the federalized
Arkansas National Guard to safeguard school desegregation in Little
Rock.
Five years later, John F. Kennedy sent Army units against white
rioters protesting integration at the University of Mississippi.
His
successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, dispatched them in 1967 to quell the
Detroit riots (where they inflicted fewer casualties than ineffectual
and trigger-happy National Guard troops) and again in 1968 to pacify
Washington (where none of the 13 dead were killed by the military).
George H.W. Bush sent Army soldiers and Marines to Los Angeles in 1992.
Some of these cases involved more extreme violence than we have seen so
far today, some less.
As usual, Trump’s rhetoric and actions are vile and alarming, and his
desire to use the military is unnecessary as long as violence does not
overwhelm police and the National Guard. But to rest opposition to the
odious current president on the notion that using the military for law
enforcement is impermissible would reject ample historical precedent,
much of which has served justice more than Trumpian villainy.
Our Allies Watch Ashen-Faced and Weep for This Country
by Harold Hongju Koh, a
professor of international law at Yale Law School, founding editor of
Just Security, and legal advisor at the State Department from 2009 to
2013.
In this defining moment, for personal political gain, the U.S.
president wrapped himself in religion, the military, and the rule of law
to perform a masquerade that is nakedly antithetical to each.
He
violated the core biblical mandate to love, not demonize, one another.
He violated the core military credo that civilian leaders do not
dispatch U.S. soldiers onto U.S. soil to attack fellow citizens
peacefully exercising their constitutional rights.
And he violated the law of the land, trampling on the Constitution’s
directive to respect “the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and
to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”
Congress has
not authorized, and in fact has forbidden, deploying the U.S. military
on American streets, particularly when citizens are lawfully demanding
investigation of serious charges of police brutality.
America’s allies around the world are watching ashen-faced, weeping
for how the country they respected has been degraded by its leaders. At
this historic moment, when we need serious leadership to address the
uniquely toxic blend of pandemic, economic depression, and racial
discord, shame on the chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the attorney
general, and Republican legislators for enabling this revolting charade.
Have you no decency, backbone, self-respect, and love of country?
Using the Military for Partisan Grandstanding Will Backfire
by Peter Feaver, a professor of political science and public policy at Duke University, where he directs the Program in American Grand Strategy.
There is ample historical precedent for the National Guard and even
active-duty military to be mobilized to quell domestic strife. However,
even when local law enforcement officials are overwhelmed and governors
ask for help, it is a fraught mission for military units, who would
generally prefer to stay out of domestic conflict. In the current
situation, governors are not asking for help.
President Donald Trump was inserting federal units into a politically
charged situation for what appeared to be partisan reasons: a desire to
replace politically damaging reports of the president sheltering in the
basement of the White House with more favorable images of him taking
charge.
Using the military as wallpaper for photo-ops is something every
administration in the modern era has done, but it comes at a price. It
drags the military into the partisan fray and lowers public views of the
competence and trustworthiness of the military as an institution. If
there is a genuine threat to the citizenry that law enforcement cannot
handle, the public will welcome military backup assistance. But if the
military is being used as a prop for political grandstanding, it will
backfire.
“Let Law Enforcement and the National Guard Handle This” by Dana Pittard is excerpted from a June 4 interview in Foreign Policy.
